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Lesson 1.2 · AQA Combined Science

Chemical formulae
and word equations

01 · Symbols and formulae

Names can be written using symbols

Each element has a chemical symbol: H is hydrogen, O is oxygen and C is carbon. A second letter is lowercase: Na is sodium.

A chemical formula shows the elements in a substance and their atom numbers or ratio. H₂O is water; CO₂ is carbon dioxide.

Read each capital letter as the start of a new element symbol. H₂O contains hydrogen and oxygen.

02 · Remember the pairs

Some elements form molecules

Hydrogen gas is H₂, oxygen gas is O₂ and chlorine gas is Cl₂.

These are diatomic molecules: two atoms of the same element joined together. They are still elements.

Oxygen gas is written O₂.
03 · Follow the arrow

Reactants → products

Reactants are the starting substances, on the left. Products are made, on the right.

hydrogen + oxygen→water

The + separates substances. The → means “reacts to form”. Here, hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.

A word equation uses substance names. A symbol equation uses chemical formulae.