sciencegcse← Topic extras

Separate Biology · Paper 2 · Higher Tier only · B6

Higher: variants and protein function

Key ideas1 of 3

Most mutations do not change function

Mutations occur continuously and change DNA. Most do not alter a protein, or alter it so little that its appearance or function is unchanged. A changed DNA base does not automatically cause a harmful phenotype. A coding change may leave the amino-acid sequence unchanged or make a change that has little functional effect. Questions should be answered using the evidence given, rather than assuming every mutation is either harmful or beneficial.

Coding variants may affect amino-acid sequence and folding; non-coding control variants may affect expression. Many mutations do not change function.

Try exam practice →
Practice, downloads and sources

Daily 5 · Exam practice · Revision sheet ↓

Higher Tier only · B6. Use alongside the shared B6 lessons.

AQA GCSE Biology 8461 · 4.6.1.5 (HT only). Original notes, questions and diagrams. Models are simplified; teaching data are illustrative.