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Separate Biology · Paper 1 · Foundation + Higher

How plants defend themselves

Key ideas1 of 4

Physical barriers

Cellulose cell walls and a tough waxy cuticle make it harder for pathogens to enter. Layers of dead cells around stems form bark; shedding these layers can remove pathogens on them.

Plant defences: thick cellulose cell walls, a waxy layer covering a leaf, and layers of bark around a stem.

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Practice, downloads and sources

Daily 5 · Exam practice · Revision sheet ↓

Foundation + Higher. Use alongside the shared B1–B4 lessons.

AQA GCSE Biology 8461 · 4.3.3.1–4.3.3.2. Original teaching notes, questions and diagrams.